12/28/2023 0 Comments Skull and bones meaningDelayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, or lack of recognition of skull base conditions can negatively impact patient care, highlighting the importance of using a mental checklist when interpreting studies of the skull base, especially the first few images of the study. These neurologic manifestations are often referred to as red flags and include cranial nerve deficits, strokelike symptoms that are atypical for a specific vascular territory, and progressive and/or recurrent onset of symptoms. In addition, using a systematic search pattern and having an overall awareness of the neurologic manifestations of a skull base lesion can aid in increasing the diagnostic yield for the interpreting radiologist. Therefore, all radiologists working in the acute care setting must have a thorough knowledge of normal skull base anatomy at CT and the wide spectrum of disease that may manifest in this area. Skull base anatomy is complex, and pathologic conditions in this region can be subtle and easily overlooked. Routine head CT often includes images of portions of the skull base, extracranial spaces, and upper cervical spine. Both death's head and cherub were widely employed motifs well into the late-eighteenth century, although the death's head appears more often on Boston stones than cherubs.Non–contrast material–enhanced CT of the head is the primary imaging modality used to evaluate patients with neurologic deficits who present to the emergency department. Moreover, this shift from death's head to cherubic imagery did not correspond chronologically with any of the religious movements of the eighteenth century. This theory asserts that changing religious philosophies led to greater acceptance and more widespread usage of symbols forbidden because they were considered to be "graven images."Īfter much research, however, historians and statisticians have discovered that as a motif the cherub never truly displaced the death's head. Some historians and students of material culture have asserted that the greater use of winged cherubic images, which have been interpreted as a symbol for the soul's flight to heaven, was indicative of changing religious sentiments. Called a winged cherub or a soul effigy, this motif was characterized by a fleshy face, life-like eyes, and an upwards-turned mouth. These belongings could have ranged from a larger, more ostentatious house, a cupboard of silver plate or imported china, to large elaborately carved gravestones.īy the 1690s, another iconographic motif began to appear on Boston's gravestones. As the settlers began to achieve more stable lifestyles and accumulate wealth, they were better able to afford more elaborate personal items which could serve as reflections of their socioeconomic status. Style was almost a "calling card." Through probate research, newspaper announcements and advertisements, signed or initialed stones, ledger books, and other primary source materials, twentieth-century historians have been able to identify many of these craftsmen. Like silversmiths, tanners, carpenters, and other craftsmen, gravestone carvers had special techniques and skill. The characteristics and configuration of the image depended entirely on the preferred style of the carver. There were many variations of the death's head motif. Seventeenth and eighteenth-century stones generally had solemn epitaphs which prompted passers-by to contemplate mortality and the fleeting nature of life on earth. Other decorative motifs accompanying the death's head were the hourglass (and even a winged hourglass symbolizing the concept "time flies"), coffins, elaborately carved side panels with florets, finials, foliage, fruit, and imp-and-dagon figures. The death's head, a non-religious symbol was the first imagery employed in gravestone carving. Puritans were adamantly against attributing human form to spiritual beings such as God, angels, or spirits. It is important to note that Boston-based Puritans did not advocate using religious symbols, such as cherubs, Christ figures, or crosses in their meetinghouses, on church silver, or on their gravestones. Some have speculated that winged skulls were intended to symbolize a combination of physical death and spiritual regeneration. The second type of decorative motif used on Boston's seventeenth-century gravemarkers was the "death's head." A death's head, often with wings or crossed bones, or both, was a stylized skull. Inscriptions on these stones have "interruptive punctuation," a carving style characterized by a raised period between each word. Generally, these stones had little or no decorative carving and often had brief inscriptions, which usually gave the name of the person interred and their death date. The earliest gravestones in Boston's burying grounds were simple, roughly hewn "greenstone" markers.
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